Romanesque Art essays

Romanesque Art essays During the Romanesque period, art most often portrayed biblical events or depicted saints and other religious imagery. There were also several different styles of Romanesque art. The development of these styles can be credited to the geographic area in which the art was made, the audience that the art was made for, and the message that the art was trying to portray. There are three images from the Romanesque time period that illustrate these styles very well. The first image is Virgin and Child from the Auvergne region of France (c.1150-1200), a sculptural piece whose style was developed because of audience. The next piece of art is the South Portal of the Priory Church of Saint-Pierre in France (c.1115-30), which was commissioned by Abbot Roger and portrays a message. The final piece of art which displays a style based on where it was made, is Creation and Fall (c.1106-20) in the Modena Cathedral in Emilia, Italy. It was crafted by the sculptor Wiligelmus. Virgin and Child was made from oak and originally painted, but now there are only faint traces of color on the surface. It was made to attract audiences who were on pilgrimages or crusades. During this time period, churches received their funding from visitors. They had to find a way to attract these people to the church, and one way to draw visitors was to utilize the relics in the churchs possession. Virgin and Child shows the Virgin Mary as Christs throne, which was known as the Throne of Wisdom (Stockstad). Jesus sits on her lap with a book entitled The Word of God and he is raising his left hand as if he is giving praise to those who view the statue. The sculpture also has two cavities; one is located in Marys chest and the other is behind her shoulder, both of which might have contained holy relics at one time. Besides being a container for church relics, this sculpture was probably used in church processions as well. A...

Kangaroo Word Definition and Examples in English

Kangaroo Word Definition and Examples in English Kangaroo word is a playful term for a word that carries within it a synonym of itselfsuch as regulate (rule), indolent (idle), and encourage (urge). Also known as a  marsupial or swallow word. Its generally believed that the synonym (called a joey) should be the same part of speech as the kangaroo word and its letters should appear in order. The term kangaroo word was popularized by author Ben ODell in a short article in The American Magazine, 1956. Examples and Observations Why do we call them kangaroo words? Not because they originated in Australia. Rather, these are marsupial words that carry smaller versions of themselves within their spellings. So respite has rest, splotch has spot, instructor has tutor, and curtail has cut. Sometimes a kangaroo word has more than one joey. The word feasted has a triplet, fed, eat, and ate. Finally, two qualifications: the joey word has to have its letters in order within the parent kangaroo word, but if all the letters are adjacent, for example, enjoy/joy, it doesnt qualify.(Anu Garg, Another Word a Day. Wiley, 2005)destruction (ruin)devilish (evil)masculine (male)observe (see)plagiarist (liar)rambunctious (raucous)supervisor (superior)Among the kangaroo words that yield the most joviality and joy are those that conceal multiple joeys. Lets now perambulate, ramble, and amble through an exhibit of this species. Open up a container and you get a can and a tin. When you have feasted, you ate and have fed. When you det eriorate, you rot and die. A routine is both rote and a rut. Brooding inside loneliness are both loss and oneness.A chariot is a car and a cart. A charitable foundation is both a fund and a font. Within the boundaries of a municipality reside city and unity, while a community includes county and city.(Richard Lederer, The Word Circus: A Letter-Perfect Book. Merriam-Webster, 1997) Anti-Kangaroo Words ANTI-KANGAROO WORD: n. in recreational linguistics, a word that contains its antonym. The word covert is an anti-kangaroo word because it contains overt.(Rod L. Evans, Thingamajigs and Whatchamacallits: Unfamiliar Terms for Familiar Things. Perigee, 2011)

McDonalds Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

McDonalds Business Strategy - Essay Example This essay introducts the reader to McDonald's corporative history, it's global strategy success ass well as other business strategies. Today, McDonald’s is considered as the world’s No. 1 fast-food company with more than 31,000 restaurants across 120 countries particularly in US, Europe, APMEA, Latin America, and Canada. The success of McDonald’s going global strategy is reflected with its 5.7% increase in global sales as of January 2008. In this essay SWOT analysis as well as Porter’s Five Forces model and Related Key Points were used to demonstrate corporative strengths and weaknesses. However, this essay not only focuses on McDonalds itself, but also analyzes McCafà ¨'s as being one of the world's biggest coffee retailer. With the use of SWOT analysis and Porter’s Competitive Forces Model, the researcher will examine the business status of McCafà ¨ within the global coffee industry. The researcher also tries to promote franchising option to business people and even suggests some operational strategies for McCafà ¨. Prior to the conclusion, the researcher will propose an appropriate strategic plan for McCafà ¨s. These strategic plans mainly focusses on Merger and Acquisitions (M&A) strategies, using of organic food products and entering into a joint-venture contract. In conclusion, the researcher suggests that by maintaining a good quality customer service, McCafà ¨ could provide its customers a pleasant atmosphere wherein friends and families could meet for a fresh cup of good quality coffee experiences.

Television in the Modern Media System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Television in the Modern Media System - Essay Example As a matter of fact, in this rapidly-evolving world where media has spread across the globe, issues that come with media’s operations should be extensively documented. Here, the point of your argumentative claim becomes relevant. Your type of support includes reason and emotion. Hence, in order to raise the persuasive ability of your article, the intensity of emotion and the clarity of reasoning need to be maximized. In fact, the actual body of the article contains some points worth discussion. The first statement of paragraph 10 is perhaps the most vivid expression of your stance. I would like to appreciate this since you made a clear claim about your argument here; you mentioned how media has become an omnipresent activity and parents are helpless when it comes to monitoring sexual exposure towards children. The benefit of this is that most readers are not fully attentive throughout the whole reading process, so the writing must possess simple straightforward expressions of your principle idea. If one fails to do that, the reader might not be able to understand your point of view and your idea might be camouflaged by wordy expressions and complex structuring. Therefore, it is highly critical to organize and outline the viewpoint, especially in argumentative essays (Writing Position Papers). Often, you have used research statistics and figures to support your claim. You have mentioned research findings of the American population, which is reasonable since your audience is American; however, there feels a slight insufficiency of supporting statistics in your writing. This is because when one writes about an issue concerning the whole society and people, regardless of demographics, there needs to be a substantial amount of information to notify the scale of the issue and also to support one’s claims.  

Alcoholic Beverage Essay Example for Free

Alcoholic Beverage Essay Alcohol is drinkable ethanol according to http://mentorfoundation. org/drugs . php? id=2. It is powerful and addictive this liquid is taken orally and often consumed in abundant quantities. Surveys say that adolescents and young adults are likely to drink. There are three basic types of alcoholic drinks are: Beer, Wine, Spirit. Their difference is what each is made of and percentage of alcohol content. Beer is made from fermented grains and has 3 to 6 percent of alcohol content while is made from fermented fruits and have alcohol content of 11 to 14 percent. Spirits are made from fermented distilling products. It usually contains 40-50 percent of alcohol. American Council Education says 12 ounce glass of beer, 5 ounces of wine and 1. 5 ounce shots of spirits contains the same amount of alcohol. Beer, wine and spirit have the same potential for intoxication and addiction. When a person consumes alcohol the drug acts on nerve cells deep in the brain. These are the well known signs that a person is drunk: the smell of alcohol on breath, irritability, loss of physical coordination, violent behaviour, loss of balance, incoherent speech, loss of consciousness, slowed thinking, blackouts, and Euphoria, an extreme happiness. According to the American Psychiatric Association, (1994) that alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol. Frequent binge drinking or getting severely drunk more than twice is classed as alcohol misuse. According to research done through international surveys, the heaviest drinkers happen to be the United Kingdoms adolescent generation. Alcohol abuse affects about 10% of women and 20% of men in the United States, most beginning by their mid-teens. In Antipolo City, Philippines, many teenagers are now facing the problems of being addicted to alcoholic beverages. One major cause is depression and family problems. Teenagers who are facing this kind of problem suffer in terms of heath like disorders in their eating habits. Other illnesses and diseases which they may have are liver cancer, migraines, and various sicknesses associated with their physiques. Where an alcoholic has experienced a sense of withdrawal in the same time period. According to http://www. sciencedaily. com/articles /a/alcoholism. htm alcoholism is the consumption of preoccupation with alcoholic beverage to the extent that this behaviour interferes. The chronic alcohol caused by alcoholism can result in psychological or physiological disorder. It is also called world’s mostly drug use problems. Alcoholism is often progressive diseases says Ehrlich (2011). A person who is alcoholic typically craves for alcohol and drink and increases his tolerance for alcohol stated by Stoppler (2011) For this reason according to Langham (2010) they are causes of teen alcoholism depend on genetics and life experienced. Teens begin drinking before the age 15 according to Butler (2006) are more likely to develop a dependency on alcohol than those who begin drinking 21 years old. According to Langham (2010) following reason of alcoholism in teens is: Genetics or Family History, meaning a teenager comes from families who its family members are addictive in alcoholism because some teenagers experienced frequent in sexual, physical, mental, or emotional abuse in home but also in school. Another basis of alcoholism in teens is peer pressure, teens experience this kind of reason when a teenager feels that she or he is not accepted because there is something wrong to his or her personality or maybe he or she becomes alcoholic because of friends. Lack of parental support is one of the sources, teenager who regularly experiences this kind of trait is a person who regularly experience harsh discipline, criticism, hostility and rejection of his or her parents and the foremost reason of alcoholism in teens is depression, a teenager convince himself or herself that alcohol will take away his or her sadness and make her feel better stated by Boyles (2012). If its so, this causes may lead to some teenagers in different dangerous effect like: decreasing of paying attention, difficulties in memory, drunk driving, suicide attempt, engaged in sexual activity , poor hygiene, breaking curfews, Hiding in their room, becoming verbally or physically abusive toward others according to Palmera (2009)To understand teenagers. Parekh (2009) says that parents seek for understanding; they must always use the open communication for teens. To care by letting them be who they are, gaining the trust of the adolescent. CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The numerous studies and articles on Alcohol is ethanol, or ethyl alcohol. It is a powerful, addictive, central nervous system depressant produced by the action of yeast cells on carbohydrates in fruits and grains. A liquid that is taken orally, alcohol is often consumed in copious quantities. American Psychiatric Association, (1994) that alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol. Surveys of adolescent and young adult drinkers indicate that they are particularly likely to drink heavily with the intention of getting drunk often every time they drink according to http://mentorfoundation . org/drugs. php? id=2. Alcoholism is the consumption of or preoccupation with alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behaviour interferes with the alcoholics normal personal, family, social, or work life by http://www. sciencedaily. com /articles /a/alcoholism. htm. Alcoholism is also is a chronic, often progressive disease. A person with alcoholism typically craves alcohol by Ehrlich (2011), and for Langham (2010) Alcoholism is a chronic disease in which someone becomes dependent on alcohol. The following section will present succinct points which are tediously discussed in the following order: Causes, and Effects. Causes Many teens have fallen victim to the ingestion and accommodation of alcoholic drinks which they have been able to acquire, sadly, from local sources. These are the common causes which encourage or lead a teen into alcoholic addiction and dependence: Abuse. Teen Suicide Prevention states that a teenager who experiences frequent sexual, physical, mental or emotional abuse at home is more likely to form an alcohol dependency than a teenager who comes from a stable, loving and non-abusive home. Abused teenagers may use alcohol as a way to dull or block out their pain and forget reality for a short time. Peer Pressure. During adolescence, teenagers usually feel increased pressure to be accepted by their peers and to make friends, according to the website Teen Drug Abuse. A teenager may feel that she is not accepted because there is something wrong with her personality. She may associate alcohol dependency with loosening up and fitting in with her peers. In addition, a teenager may become an alcoholic because her friends are alcoholics. If a teenager spends a lot of time with other teens who abuse alcohol, then it is likely that she will also abuse alcohol as a way to fit in. Depression. Teens who are depressed are more likely to become alcoholics than teens who are not depressed. Alcohol acts as a depressant that affects the central nervous system and increases depression in some teens, according to Depression-Guide. com. A teenager may convince herself that the alcohol will take away her sadness and make her feel better, but after the alcohol wears off she may feel worse than she did before she began drinking. Lack of Parental Support. During adolescence, a lack of parental support, guidance or communication can cause a teenager to become dependent on alcohol, according to Focus Adolescent Services located in Salisbury, Maryland. Teenagers who regularly experience harsh discipline, criticism, hostility or rejection from their parents tend to feel abandoned, causing them to turn to alcohol as a way to dull the pain. (Langham, 2010) Effects Butler (2006) stated that teenagers have been drinking alcohol in early 15 in age. There several warning signs indicating that your teen is abusing alcohol or other drugs: Changes in appetite or sleep patterns. This could be characterized by a marked increase or decrease in either or both. For example, individuals abusing amphetamines may show a diminished need for sleep and food. Those abusing marijuana may sleep more and have an increased appetite. These effects may vary depending upon the drug being abused. If you are interested in the effects of specific drug use, you may want to conduct some online research or call your local drug and alcohol commission or mental health clinic for more specific information. Deterioration of physical appearance. Typical teenagers are very concerned about the way they look to peers and friends and may be very specific about clothing, makeup, and overall hygiene. Individuals abusing substances often start to focus less on their physical appearance as their substance use increases. Withdrawal from social or important activities. You may notice your teen stops showing interest in things he or she once found pleasurable. For example, they may start missing school or participate less in sporting events or other social activities. They may also stop attending family functions or gatherings such as church because their drug use has become more important, or they may be embarrassed and try to hide their use from others. Unexplained need for money or secretive about spending habits. Individuals abusing drugs may begin asking for money without a clear reason. Generally an abuser will not ask for very large amounts, but rather small amounts over periods of time. They may also become more secretive about spending habits. For example, he or she may claim to need more for something than they actually need and pocket the extra money. Sudden change in friends or locations. The abuser’s friends or hangout spots may change. For example, a teen may start hanging out with a different crowd of friends. You may notice where they hang out may change as well. They may suddenly think their old friends are no longer â€Å"cool. † They also may start to break curfew or lie about where they are hanging out. Increased interpersonal or legal problems. Individuals abusing substances may start having more interpersonal problems, i. e. , increased arguments with parents, friends, or other authority figures. They may begin to get in legal trouble for shoplifting or other crimes and cited for possession or underage drinking. Change in personality or attitude. This one can be a little tricky. Given the raging hormones of teenagers, personality and attitudes can change regularly. In someone abusing substances, this will look a little different. The mood swings would be unlike typical teenage attitudes. Depending on the substance being abused, you may begin to notice marked hyperactivity or extreme happiness followed by a â€Å"crash† where the mood becomes just the opposite. The individual may appear very lethargic or more irritable than usual. Thinking and behaviours may become irrational and unpredictable. Neglecting responsibilities. If your teen is normally very responsible and there is a change in that behaviour, this may be a sign. Substance abuse often begins to take precedence over other things that were once deemed important. As a result, responsibilities are often neglected and the teen becomes more and more irresponsible over time. Using despite knowing it is dangerous. Most teens are very aware of the negative effects and possible consequences of substance use. If your teen is using despite this knowledge, this is a sign of abuse. To help teenager who are involve in alcohol according to Parekh (2009) parent must give teenagers a open communication between parent and child. Trust to adolescent trust to adolescent and caring, respecting and allow them to be who they are. And to be a responsible people in the society. Reference American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, D. C:182–3. Boyles S. (2012) Why is Alcohol is Addictive? Retrieved from: http://www. webmd. com/mental-health/alcohol-abuse/news/20120111/study-sheds-more-light-on-why-some-get-alcoholism Butler K. (2006) The Grim Neurology of Teenage Drinking. Retrieved from: http://www. nytimes. com/2006/07/04/health/04teen. html? pagewanted=all_r=0 Ehrlich S. (2011) Alcoholism Retrieved from: http://www. umm. edu/altmed/articles/ alcoholism-000002. htm#ixzz1WJ62XF7v Langham R. (2010) What Causes Alcoholism In Teens? Retrieved from: http://www. livestrong. com/article/146676-what-are-the-causes-of-teenage-alcoholism/ National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012) Alcohol. Retrieved from: http://mentorfoundation. org/drugs. php? id=2 Palmera (2009) The Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Teens. Retrieved from: http:casa palmera. com /the effects –of –alcohol –abuse – on –teens Parekh R. (2009) Understanding Alcohol Abuse in Adolescents. Retrieved from: search=onewordhighlight=ajaxSearch_highlight+ajaxSearch_highlight1+ajaxSearch_highlight2 Stoppler M. (2011) What is Alcoholism? Retrieved from: http://www. medicinenet. com/alcohol_and_teens/page2. htm#what_is_alcoholism White D. (2012) Symptoms of Teen Substance Abuse. Retrieved from: http://psychcentral. com/lib/2012/symptoms-of-teen-substance-abuse/.

Australopithecus Afarensis :: essays papers

Australopithecus Afarensis The species A. afarensis is one of the better known australopithecines, with regards to the number of samples attributed to the species. From speculations about their close relatives, the gorilla and chimpanzee, A. afarensis’ probable social structure can be presumed. The species was named by Johanson and Taieb in 1973. This discovery of a skeleton lead to a heated debate over the validity of the species. The species eventually was accepted by most researchers as a new species of australopithecine and a likely candidate for a human ancestor. Australopithecus afarensis existed between 3.9 and 3.0 million years ago. The distinctive characteristics of A. afarensis were: a low forehead, a bony ridge over the eyes, a flat nose, no chin, more humanlike teeth, pelvis and leg bones resembled those of modern man. Females were smaller than males. Their sexual dimorphism was males:females; 1.5. A. afarensis was not as sexually dimorphic as gorillas, but more sexually dimorphic than humans or chimpanzees. A lot of scientists think that Australopithecus afarensis was partially adapted to climbing the trees, because the fingers and toe bones of the species were curved and longer than the ones of the modern human. A. afarensis is classified as an ape, not a human. It is a Hominid, which is an ape closely related to human beings. The first fossils of a skeleton were found at Hadar; a site in northeastern Ethiopia. The team named the skeleton â€Å"Lucy† after the Beatles song, â€Å"Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds.† In terms of overall body size, brain size and skull shape, "Lucy" resembles a chimpanzee. However, A. afarensis has some surprisingly human characteristics. For example, the way the hip joint and pelvis articulate indicates that "Lucy" walked upright like a human, not like a chimp. This means that upright posture and bi-pedalism preceded the development of what we would recognize as human beings and human intelligence. All non-human primates sleep in the trees at night. So, it would seem to be that A. afarensis slept in trees also. Their skeletal structure agrees with their arboreal lifestyle. â€Å"The large premolars of A. afarensis suggests they were frugivores, and the thick enamel on the teeth suggests they may have eaten nuts, grains, or hard fruit pies† (Boyd and Silk, p.

Eugene O’Neill Essay

INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Origin and Development of American Literature A fundamental difference subsists between American literature and proximately all the other major literary traditions of the world: it is essentially a modern, recent and international literature. The American continent possessed major pre-Columbian civilizations, with a deep heritage of culture, mythology, ritual, chant and poetry. Many recent American writers, especially recently, have looked to these sources as something essential to American culture, and the extraordinary variety and vision to be found there contribute much to the complexity  and increasing multiethnicity of Contemporary American experience. But this is not the originating tradition of what we now call American literature. That originated from the meeting between the land and usually despised Red Indians and the discoverers and settlers who left the developed, literatre cultures of Renaissance Europe, first to explore and conquer, then to populate, what they generally considered a virgin continent – a â€Å"New World† already promised them in their own mythology, now discovered by their own talent and curiosity. Owing to the sizably voluminous immigration to Boston in the 1630s, they brought their conceptions of history and the world’s purport; they brought their languages and above all , the book. The book was both a sacred text, the Bible (to be reinvigorated in the King James Authorized Version of 1611), and a general instrument of expression, record, argument, and cultural dissemination. In time, the book became American literature, and other things they shipped with it — from European values and prospects to post-Gutenberg printing technology– shaped the lineage of American writing. So did the early records kept of the encounter and what they composed of it. Of course a past was being ravaged as well as an incipient present gained when these travelers/ settlers imposed on the North American continent and its cultures their forms of interpretation and narrative, their Christian history and iconography. This American when first came into existence out of writing – European writing – and then went on to demand a new writing which fitted the harshness and grandeur of its landscape, the mysterious potential of its seemingly boundless open space. But â€Å"America† existed in  Europe long before it was discovered, in the speculative writings of the classical, the medieval and the then the Renaissance mind. â€Å"He invented America; a very great man †. Mademoiselle Nioche says about Columbus in Henry James’ The American (1877). 1. 1. 1. Periods of American Literature The division of American literature into convenient historical segments, or â€Å"periods,† lacks the consensus among literary scholars. The many syllabi of college surveys reprinted in Reconstructing American Literature, ed. Paul Lauter (1983), and the essays in Redefining American Literary History, ed. A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff and Jerry W. Ward (1990), demonstrate how variable are the temporal divisions and their names, especially since the beginning of efforts to do justice to literature written by women and by ethnic minorities. 1607-1775 : This era, from the founding of the first settlement at Jamestown to the outbreak of the American Revolution, is often called the Colonial Period, in which writings were for the most part-religious, practical, or historical. William Bradford, John Winthrop, and Cotton Mather are the notable writers. The period between 1765 and 1790 is sometimes distinguished as the Revolutionary Age. It was the time of Thomas Paine’s influential revolutionary tracts; of Thomas Jefferson’s â€Å"Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom,† â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† and many other writings. The years 1775-1828, the Early National Period, ending with the triumph of Jacksonian democracy in 1828, signalized the emergence of a national imaginative literature, including the first American stage comedy (Royall Tyler’s The Contrast, 1787), the earliest American novel (William Hill Brown’s The Power of Sympathy, 1789), and the establishment in 1815 of the first enduring American magazine, The North American Review. Washington Irving achieved international fame with his essays and stories; Charles Brockden Brown wrote distinctively American versions of the Gothic novel of mystery and terror; the career of James Fenimore Cooper, the first major American novelist, was well launched. The span 1828-1865 from the Jacksonian era to the Civil War, often identified as the Romantic Period in America, marks the full coming of age of a distinctively American literature. This period is sometimes known as the American Renaissance, the title of F. O. Matthiessen’s influential book (1941) about its outstanding writers, Ralph Waldo Emerson,  Henry David Thoreau, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne; it is also sometimes called the Age of Transcendentalism, after the philosophical and literary movement, entered on Emerson, that was dominant in New England. In all the major genres except drama, writers produced works of an originality and excellence not exceeded in later American literature. Emerson, Thoreau, and the early feminist Margaret Fuller shaped the ideas, ideals, and literary aims of many contemporary and later American writers. It was the age not only of continuing writings by William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, and James Fennimore Cooper,  but also of the novels and short stories of Pow, Hawthorne, Melville, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and the southern novelist William Gilmore Simms; of the poetry of Poe, John Greenleaf Whittier, Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and the most innovative and influential of all American poets, Walt Whitman; And of the beginning of distinguished American criticism of Poe, Simms, and James Russell Lowell. 1865-(1914) The cataclysm of the Civil War and Reconstruction, followed by a burgeoning industrialism and urbanization in the North, profoundly altered American self-awareness, and also American literary modes. The years 1865-1900 are often known as the Realistic Period, by reference to the novels by Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James, as well as by John W. DeForest, Harold Frederic. These works, though diverse, are often labeled â€Å"realistic† in contrast to the â€Å"romances† of their predecessors in prose fiction: Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville. Some realistic authors grounded their fiction in a regional milieu; these include (in addition to Mark Twain’s novels on the Mississippi River region) Bret Harte in California, Sarah Orne Jewett in Maine, Mary Wilkins Freeman in Massachusetts, and George W. Cable and Kate Chopin in Louisiana. Chopin has become prominent as an early and major feminist novelist. Whitman continued writing poetry up to the last decade of the century, and was joined by Emily Dickinson; although only seven of Dickinson’s more than a thousand short poems were published in her lifetime, she is now recognized as one of the most distinctive and eminent of American pets. Sidney Lanier published his experiments in versification based on the meters of music; the African-American author Paul Laurence Dunbar wrote both poems and novels between 1893 and 1905; and in the 1890s Stephen Crane, although he was only  twenty-nine when he died, published short poems in free verse that anticipate the experiments of Ezra Pound and the Imagists, and wrote also the brilliantly innovative short stories and short novels hat look forward to two later narrative modes: naturalism and impressions. The years 1900-(1914) although James, Howells, and Mark Twain were still writing, and Edith Wharton was publishing her earlier novels—are sometimes discriminated as the Naturalistic Period, in recognition of the powerful although sometimes crudely wrought novels by Frank Norris, Jack  London, and Theodore Dreiser, which typically represent characters who are joint victims of their instinctual drives and of external sociological forces. (1914)- 1939. The era between the two world wars, marked by the trauma of the great economic depression beginning in 1929, was that of the emergence of what is still known as â€Å"Modern literature†, which in America reached an eminence rivaling that of the American Renaissance of the mid-nineteenth century; unlike most of the authors of that earlier period, however, the American modernists also achieved widespread international recognition and influence. Poetry magazine, founded in Chicago by Harriet Monroe in 1912, published many innovative authors. Among the notable poets were Edgar Lee Masters, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, Robinson Jeffers, Marianne Moore, T. S. Eliot, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and E. E. Cummings— authors who wrote in an unexampled variety of poetic modes. The literary productions of this era are often subclassified in a variety of ways. The flamboyant and pleasure-seeking 1920s are sometimes referred to as â€Å"the Jazz Age†, a title popularized by F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tales of the Jazz Age (1922). The same decade was also the period of the Harlem Renaissance, which produced major writings in all the literary forms. Many prominent American writers of the decade following the end of World War I, disillusioned by their war experiences and alienated by what they perceived as the crassness of American culture and its â€Å"puritanical† repressions, are often tagged ( in a term first applied by Gertrude Stein to young Frenchmen of the time) as the Lost Generation, a number of these writers became expatriates, moving either to London or to  Paris in their quest for a richer literary and artistic milieu and a freer way of life. 1939 to the Present, the Contemporary period. World War II, and especially the disillusionment with Soviet Communism consequent upon the Moscow trails for alleged treason and Stalin’s signing of the Russo-German pact with Hitler in 1939, largely ended the literary radicalism of the 1930s. A final blow to the very few writers who had maintained intellectual allegiance to Soviet Russia came in 1991 with the collapse of Russian Communism and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. For several decades the New Criticism—dominated by conservative southern writers. The Agrarians, who in the 1930s had championed a return from an industrial to an agricultural economy—typified the prevailing critical tendency to isolate literature from the life of the author and from society and to conceive a work of literature, in formal terms, as an organic and autonomous entity. The eminent and influential critics Edmund Wilson and Lionel Trilling, however—as well as other critics grouped with them as the New York Intellectuals, including Philip Rahv, Alfred Kazin, Dwight McDonald, and Irving Howe—continued through the 1960s to deal with a work of literature humanistically and historically, in the context of its author’s life, temperament and social milieu and in terms of the work’s moral and imaginative qualities and its consequences for society. The 1950s, while often regarded in retrospect as a period of cultural conformity and complacency, was marked by the emergence of vigorous anti-establishment and anti-traditional literary movements: the Beat writers such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac; the American exemplars of the literature of the absurd; the Black Mountain Poets? Charles Olson, Robert Creeley, and Robert Duncan; and the New York Poets, Frank O’Hara, Kenneth Koch, and John Ashbery. It was also a time of confessional poetry and the literature of extreme sexual candor, marked by the emergence of Henry Miller as a notable author. The counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s continued some of these modes, but in a fashion made extreme and fevered by the rebellious youth movement and the vehement and sometimes violent opposition to the war in Vietnam. Important American writers after World War II is Eudora Welty, Robert Penn Warren, Saul Bellow, R P. Warren, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee and many others. 1. 2 RISE OF AMERICAN DRAMA â€Å"In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book? Or goes to an American play? † -Sydney Smith, The Edinburgh Review (1820). This was the most profoundly preconceived thought around the world before the epoch of American Drama among many literary critics as well as the literate people, half of those harsh comments were due to impediment and the remaining were sort of ill-treatment. â€Å"There is not, and there never has been, a literary institution,  which could be called the American Drama† †¢ Dion Boucicault This statement provoke very little argument from most American critics more than a hundred years later. In fact, the neglect of American drama is so pervasive that Ruby Cohn, in her history of twentieth-century drama for the Columbia Literary History of the United States (1988), begins with the observation: â€Å"Given the chokehold on drama of a misnamed Broadway, given the lure of Hollywood, and given the power of some small-minded reviewers in the daily press, it is a virtual miracle that American drama merits admission to a history of American literature†. Despite its segregation from the main corpus of American literature, American drama has never been written in a vaccum. It has mirrored peculiarly American social, political, and historical issues in traditional as well as challenging forms and experimental styles. It has been the forum for a plurality of American voices. American drama has always responded to national and regional problems, either in reifying prevailing sentiments or by challenging dominant ideologies. Like other forms of American literature, drama embodies the American struggle. For decades scholars and critics of American literature, engaged in establishing discipline with  canonical hierarchies and feeling embattled in the face of longer-lived English literary studies, have practiced generic hegemony; as a consequence, American drama historically has been the most devalued and overlooked area in American literary studies. Besides all these, there was great theatrical activity during the 19th century a time when there were no movies, TV, or Radio. Every town of any size had its theater or â€Å"opera house† in which touring companies of actors performed. However, no significant drama was performed in this century, with audiences preferring farce, melodrama, and vaudeville to serious efforts. European drama, which was to influence modern American drama profoundly, matured in the last third of 19th century with the achievements of three playwrights: Henrik Ibsen, August Strindberg, and Anton Chekhov. Ibsen who was profoundly influenced by psychologists Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, tackled subjects such as guilt, sexuality, and mental illness. Strindberg brought to his characterizations a unprecedented level of psychological complexity. And Chekhov shifted the subject matter of drama from wildly theatrical displays of external action and emotions to the concerns of everyday life. These trio presented characters and situations more or less realistically chiefly known as â€Å"slice-of-life† dramatic technique. Soon after the beginning of the 20th century, realism became the dominant mode of American drama. Very soon after the little theaters off Broadway succeeded with realistic plays. In 1916 and 1917, two small theater groups in New York (the Provincetown Players and the Washington Square Players) began to produce new American plays. They provided a congenial home for new American playwrights like Eugene O’Neill, whose first plays were produced by the Provincetown Players in MA. These small play groups would produce any play, in any style, that commercial theater would not touch. These groups were the beginning of modern American dramatic theater. The post- World War II years brought two important figures to prominence in American drama : Arthur Miller (((1916))-2005) and Tennessee Williams (1911-1983). They remain the dominant figures of the second half of the 20th century. Miller and Williams represent the two principal movement in modern American drama: realism, and realism combined with an attempt at something more imaginative. From the beginning, American playwrights have tried to break  away from the strict realism of Ibsen, Strindberg, and Chekhov and to blend it with a more poetic form of expression. Miller’s Death of a Salesman (1949),Williams’ The Glass Menagerie (1944) and Thornton Wilder’s Our Town (1938) are some of the best examples of this style of writing. Contemporary American Theater In the mid 19th century, realism in drama was conceived as a revolt against crude theatricalism. Currently there is a revolt against realism itself and a move toward more theatricalism, with its emphasis on stage effects and imaginative settings. Once again, American  drama is changing to reflect the changing attitudes of American theater-going audiences. Dramatists today have the freedom to express their deepest feelings, whatever they may be, in any form they choose- provided that their approach can be made comprehensible to an audience and touch their emotions. 1. 3 LIFE AND CAREER OF EUGENE O’NEILL â€Å"I was born in a hotel and, damn it, I’ll die in a hotel†- Eugene O’Neill Eugene Gladstone O’Neill (16- October- 1888 to 27- November-1953), the son of James O’Neill and Ella Quinlan was born in an up-town family hotel, named Barret House on broadway at 43, Street, New York. James O’Neill, was a successful touring actor in the last quarter of the 19th century whose most famous role was that of the Count of Monte Cristo in a stage adaptation of the Alexandre Dumas novel. Ella accompanied her husband all the times except for the birth of her first son, James Jr,. and for Eugene. His parents were ardent follower of Catholicism. Ella was exceptionally beautiful woman. She loved music and practiced a curled hand-writing. As he was born in a hotel, he spent his childhood in hotel rooms, on trains and backstage. This filled him with a sense of instability and insecurity. O’Neill later deplored the nightmare insecurity of these early years experience and blamed his father for the tragedies that happened in the life of O’Neill. â€Å"Wherever he (O’Neill) lived, the houses he bought were always big, as if their very size would ensure stability: the other side of the picture is, of course, to be seen in his restless experimentation, which ever allowed him exactly to repeat a way of writing he had once essayed. † O’Neill was educated at boarding schools such as Mt. St. Vincent in the Bronx and Betts Academy in Stamford, Conn. His summers were spent at the family’s only permanent home, a  modest house overlooking the Thames River in New London. He attended Princeton University for one year (1906-07), after which he left school to begin what he later regarded as his real education in â€Å"life experience. † The next six years very nearly ended his life. He shipped to sea, lived a derelict’s existence on the waterfronts of Buenos Aires, Liverpool, and New York City, submerged himself in alcohol, and attempted suicide. Recovering briefly at the age of 24, he held a job for a few months as a reporter and contributor to the poetry column of the New London Telegraph but soon came with tuberculosis. Confined to the Gaylord Farm Sanitarium in Wallingford for six months then he confronted himself soberly and seized the chance for what he later called his â€Å"rebirth†. O’Neill’s first efforts were awkward melodramas, but they were about people and subjects—prostitutes, derelicts, lonely sailors, God’s injustice to man—that had, up to that time, been in the province of serious novels and were not considered an apt subjects for presenting on the American Stage. In the autumn of (1914), O’Neill entered G. P. Baker’s Academy at Harvard to take lessons in playwriting, because of a theatre critic suggestion to his father. O’Neill’s first appearance as a playwright came in the summer of 1916, in the quiet fishing village of Provincetown, where a group of young writers and painters had launced an experimental theater. In their tiny, ramshackle playhouse on a wharf, they produced his one-act sea play Bound East for Cardiff. The talent inherent in the play was immediately evident to the group, which that fall formed the Playwright’s Theater in Greenwich village. Their first bill, on 03-November-1916, included Bound East for Cardiff—O’Neill’s one-act sea plays, along with a number of his lesser efforts. By the time his first full length play, Beyond the Horizon? was produced on Broadway, staged in Morosco Theater, when the young playwright already had a small reputation. In 1918 he married Agnes Boulton, and they lived for several summers at Peaked Hill, a reconditioned life-saving station near Provincetown. During the rest of the year, they lived in other places. They had two children before separating in 1827. His third wife, Carlotta Montercy, accompanied him on many long journeys, to Europe, to Asia, to the American West. They were to be frequently on the move during the rest of O’Neill’s life, and they were to experience many  painful things including the suicide of Eugene O’ Neill Jr. O’Neill’s last years were marked by physical suffering ( his hands paralysed so that he could no longer write), by increasing isolation, by family trouble and dissension. He died on 27 November, 1953. 1. 4 O’Neill’s contribution to American Drama In his own life-time, O’Neill was established as the leading American dramatist. He was awarded Pulitzer Prizes for Beyond the Horizon, Anna Christie, Strange Interlude, and Long Days Journey into Night ( he received the highest international recognition in the award of the  Nobel Prize in Literature; a considerable number of books and articles have been devoted to his work since the nineteen-twenties, and in recent years the sign of interest has grown markedly pronounced. His plays are quite popular in the English-speaking world. Despite some critical effort to depreciate O’Neill, he remains America’s outstanding playwright, the only one to win international fame and recognition, and the Novel Prize. He not only built up the American theatre, but also put it on the world map, where now it has a dynamic and distinguished place beside the European and continental theatre—Arthur Miller and  Tennessee Williams helping to sustain that edifice. Unlike Shakespeare, whom popular fancy depicts as a wild bird who sat on the bough and warbled his wood-notes wild, O’Neill had the theatre in his blood and made a lifelong strenuous conscious effort to achieve glory in this field and leave foot-prints on the sands of time. Also, unlike Shakespeare, O’Neill was a highly personal writer, in whose case the partions that divide autobiography and objective reality are very thin paper thin so that his dramatic works constitute a series of personal obsessions, ending up with the most personal of them all- Long Day’s Journey into Night. Full-length plays †¢BREAD AND BUTTER, (1914) †¢SERVITUDE, (1914) †¢THE PERSONAL EQUATION, (1916) †¢NOW I ASK YOU, 1916 †¢BEYOND THE HORIZON, 1918 – PULITZER PRIZE, (1920) †¢THE STRAW, (1919) †¢CHRIS CHRISTOPHERSEN, (1919) †¢GOLD, (1920) †¢ANNA CHRISTIE, (1920) – PULITZER PRIZE, (1922) †¢THE EMPEROR JONES, (1920) †¢DIFF’RENT, (1921) †¢THE FIRST MAN, (1922) †¢THE HAIRY APE, (1922) †¢THE FOUNTAIN, (1923) †¢MARCO MILLIONS, (1923–25) †¢ALL GOD’S CHILLUN GOT WINGS, (1924) †¢WELDED, (1924) †¢DESIRE UNDER THE ELMS, (1925) †¢LAZARUS LAUGHED, (1925–26) †¢THE GREAT GOD BROWN, (1926) †¢STRANGE INTERLUDE, (1928 – PULITZER PRIZE) †¢DYNAMO, (1929) †¢MOURNING BECOMES ELECTRA, (1931) †¢AH, WILDERNESS! , (1933) †¢DAYS WITHOUT END, (1933) †¢THE ICEMAN COMETH, (WRITTEN 1939, PUBLISHED 1940, FIRST PERFORMED 1946) †¢HUGHIE, WRITTEN (1941, FIRST PERFORMED 1959) †¢LONG DAY’S JOURNEY INTO NIGHT, (WRITTEN 1941, FIRST PERFORMED 1956 – PULITZER PRIZE 1957) †¢A MOON FOR THE MISBEGOTTEN, (WRITTEN 1941–1943, FIRST PERFORMED 1947) †¢A TOUCH OF THE POET, (COMPLETED IN 1942, FIRST PERFORMED 1958) †¢MORE STATELY MANSIONS, (SECOND DRAFT FOUND IN O’NEILL’S PAPERS, FIRST PERFORMED 1967) †¢THE CALMS OF CAPRICORN, (PUBLISHED IN 1983) One-act plays The Glencairn Plays, all of which feature characters on the fictional ship Glencairn—filmed together as The Long Voyage Home: †¢BOUND EAST FOR CARDIFF, ((1914)) †¢IN THE ZONE, (1917) †¢THE LONG VOYAGE HOME, (1917) †¢MOON OF THE CARIBBEES, (1918) Other one-act plays include: †¢A WIFE FOR A LIFE, (1913) †¢THE WEB, (1913) †¢THIRST, (1913) †¢RECKLESSNESS, (1913) †¢WARNINGS, (1913) †¢FOG, (1914) †¢ABORTION, (1914) †¢THE MOVIE MAN: A COMEDY, (1914) †¢THE SNIPER, (1916) †¢BEFORE BREAKFAST, (1916) †¢ILE, (1917) †¢THE ROPE, (1918) †¢SHELL SHOCK, (1918) †¢THE DREAMY KID, (1918) †¢WHERE THE CROSS IS MADE, (1918) †¢EXORCISM (1919) 1. 5 His Themes.

Alignment of IT and Business

IT and business alignment is the best system for modern strategic management of organizations because it reduces the overall costs of operations, promotes effective communication in a company, and enhances faster response and evaluation of business progress.   Besides, it sets a platform for faster changes by an organization in future.However, IT and business alignment has proved to be one of the most difficult aspect for most organizations.   Over 75% of the companies and institutions have not fully aligned IT with their management systems.   However, over 80% of them have partially embraced IT especially in the top management levels (Aileen, 2008).IT and business alignment is an ongoing process that optimizes the IT mechanisms and business management operations at all levels.   It carves the correct climate whereby IT becomes a major strategic enabler of all the business operations.Lack of effective leadership in business operationsAccording to Roland (2008) effective leade rship in a business setting acts as a major platform and a guiding icon towards the correct direction for an organization.   Arguably, it is the role of the business leaders to pro-actively identify the most important aspects that would enhance higher levels of sustainability.Notably, small mistakes taken by conservative rigid leaders are referred as minor shenanigans and mostly not factored in business operations until it has sank into great losses.   Most of the leaders are directly engrossed into the past methods of business operations based on raw products and finished products simplified systems of accounting.   Many organizations are unable to link the extra IT cost to be incurred by the business and the returns to be achieved.As indicated by majority of the large companies that have embraced IT in their systems like Wal-Mart and JP Morgan & Chase, the returns are not instant and may take time before the respective advantages are realized.   Arguably, IT/ Business alig nment is a process as opposed to a one day operation.After launching its Point of Sale services that would link Citibank with its major financial operations information centers, the Bank had to wait for some months before realizing the expected goals (Mahesh, 2007).Poor focus into the future and conservatismAnalysts have linked hardship to articulate IT and business hardships to three superimposed factors of business management namely tactic, strategy, and innovation.   The three factors are effectively superimposed on each other and simultaneously operate for or against IT/ business alignment depending with the prevailing environment.Lack of effective tactics and strategy by business makes the overall demand for modernization to appear vague (Malcolm & Keith, 2007).   Notably, many companies and organizations especially in areas with reduced competition have been slow in aligning IT and their business operations.Southwest Airlines managing director cited his company's success a s a product of effective tactic that incorporated customer and staff management through information technology that assists the airline to respond faster to all the consumer need.Arguably, the current economic down turn could have affected them very negatively as the company offers low cost flights in US (Ann, 2007).Henersen & Venkartraman (1993) points out that poor innovative capacity by organization forms a major stepping block of growth, and development.   Arguably, alignment of IT and business demands high levels of innovative capacity that carves new ways of operating the old models.This has been indicated as one of the hardest nut to crack especially where leaders are greatly old fashioned.   This has been cited as the major setback especially where people manage their own premises as opposed to professionals. There is generally lack of effective cost benefit analysis to determine the overall suitability of the alignment.Organizations financial abilityTo add to that, lack of enough finances has slowed or hindered many company's operations alignment with IT.   Arguably, establishment of IT infrastructure is a costly venture that requires correct budgeting in effecting the overall venture.Though analysts have differed on the statement that finances form the key aspect in aligning IT and business operations, it is clear that very little can be achieved without enough funds (Aileen, 2008).Though the cost of installation and establishing the correct IT systems in business has relatively declined, the overall maintenance and possible establishment of new IT operations department demands enough funds especially at the beginning.   This has been a major cause of failure especially in the last three years when companies' have are trying to reduce the overall cost as much as possible.ConclusionIT/ business alignment is the best system for modern strategic management for effecting change and maximizing profits.   Effective leadership demands that balance is taken to ensure increased focus into the future that will be defined and established on the basis of IT assimilation in the business.Lean management should be assimilated in organizations through IT and business alignment’s as a mode of reducing the overall wasteful systems in its operations.   Businesses should embark on international studies to establish the facts and the vast advantages that are derived from IT alignment in business management operations.

Taxation and Lottery for Profligate essays

Taxation and Lottery for Profligate essays The mayor of Profligate is correct in thinking that raising the taxes might exacerbate the city's financial problems, not to mention create new problems, as well. For one thing, the mayor cannot know that the city will make the same amount of money based on previous revenues. Secondly, the mayor knows if taxes go up, consumers are likely to spend less. An increase in sales tax could also result in residents moving out of the city, which would be negative for every segment of the community. For instance, a tax increase would not only burden retail owners and purchasers; it could also cause some retail workers their jobs. Any state tax increase will make an impact on the profits of retailers. Some individuals might lose their jobs and, even worse, retailers operating on marginal profits may be forced to close their businesses. If retailers aren't forced to close, they may still have to lay workers off. These unemployed people are generally people who desperately need jobs just to be able to eat. In addition, those who are laid off tend to spend less money because they have less money. This, in essence, only makes the situation worse. Some argue that raising the sales tax widens the gap between the low and high income. (Schmidt 636) Clearly, raising taxes should be The mayor of Profligate also knows that an additional 7% on top of the taxes that the people are already paying may be too much. He also knows that just because the people voted for it, that does not mean that every single person in the community is in favor of a tax increase. Unbearable taxes result in unhappy voters. Generally, city and state officials who raise taxes are not reelected. In addition, states are limited to how much they can tax. Because of this reason, people and businesses have been known move to a state with less a lower tax rate if their current taxes ...

The Meaning of s.t. or Subject To in Economics

The Meaning of s.t. or Subject To in Economics In economics, the letters s.t. are used as an abbreviation for the phrases subject to or such that in an equation. The letters s.t. proceed important constraints that the functions must follow. The letters s.t. are generally involved in stating relationships between economic functions using the mathematical functions themselves rather than articulating the same in prose. For example, one a common usage of s.t. in economics may appear  as follows: maxx f(x) s.t. g(x)0 The above expression, when stated in or translated into words, would read: The value of f(x) that is greatest among all those for which the argument x satisfies the constraint that g(x)0. In this example, f() and g() are fixed, possibly known, real-valued functions of x. The Relevance of s.t. in Economics The relevance of the use of the letters s.t. to mean subject to or such that in the study of economics stems from the importance of mathematics and mathematical equations. Economists are generally interested in discovering and examining different types of economic relationships and these relationships can be expressed through functions and mathematical equations. An economic function attempts to define observed relationships in mathematical terms. The function, then, is the mathematical description of the economic relationship in question and the equation is one way of looking at the relationship between concepts, which become the variables of the equation. The variables represent the concepts or items in a relationship that can be quantified, or represented by a number. For instance, two common variables in economic equations are  p  and  q, which generally refer to the price variable and quantity variable respectively. Economic functions  try to explain or describe one of the variables in terms of the other, thus describing one aspect of their relationship to one another. By describing these relationships through mathematics, they become quantifiable and, perhaps most importantly, testable. Though at times, economists prefer to use words to describe economic relationships or behaviors, mathematics has provided the basis for advanced economic theory and even the computer modeling that some modern economists now rely upon in their research. So the  abbreviation s.t. simply provides short-hand for the writing of these equations in place of the written or spoken word to describe the mathematical relationships.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Human Resource Management - Essay Example In a holistic picture, performance management strives to improve overall processes; achieve continually improving results; and continuously develop resources and effective leadership; it also aims at sustaining employee motivation and commitment. As Cooper (2004) explains, performance measurement can help organisations to demonstrate their value to many types of stakeholders, including the clients and customers, employees and shareholders. The results from performance measurement can help in improving performance further, thereby meeting and even exceeding customer expectations, generating more revenue and profit for the organisation, improving employee satisfaction and morale. However, Colbran Medical Institute does not seem to emphasize customer satisfaction or employee motivation in the real sense. A few effective performance management practices based on theory have been evaluated with respect to situation at Colbran Medical Institute. Benchmarking: Performance measurement is a r ecurring activity, and an essential aspect of performance management. ... The performance appraisal forms at Colbran do not give much evidence of work on benchmarking performance metrics, which further rules out possibilities of effective performance measurement. If performance measurement is only internally focused, then such measurement cannot produce competitive position for the organisation irrespective of its level of performance. Therefore, benchmarking ensures that performance establishes competitiveness and best practice through doing the right things, right first time in the eyes of the end customer (Zaiiri & Leonard, 1994; 81). Performance indicators: At Colbran Medical Institute, performance seems to be measured based on number of goods produced. This is a very generalized approach and tends to ignore many issues that could have occurred during the production process. This process needs to be streamlined in order to provide accurate performance measurement as well as address the issues so that overall productivity can also be improvised. All goa ls that have been benchmarked need to be measurable. For this, the goals need to be converted to measurable indicators. Hatry (2006) asserts that measurement and improvement can be gauged based on specific indicators, and not based on the outcomes. Production units cannot wait until the output is achieved in order to assess performance; in doing so, significant time, effort and money will be lost. Moreover, performance measurement based on outcomes will not consider the gaps or issues that had risen during the production. Therefore, to address these issues, specific outcome indicators or performance indicators need to be assigned to every intended outcome or goal. Performance appraisal system: Performance